one pair for runways that are shorter than 900 m, 6 if the length is 2 400 m or more, etc.). The number of pairs depends on the runway length (e.g. The TDZ is marked by pairs of stripes symmetrically placed on the two sides of the runway centreline. This is done to ensure that the aircraft lands on the runway and provide a safety margin. The TDZ is placed after the runway threshold and runway designation markings. Touchdown Zone or TDZ is the portion of a runway, beyond the threshold, where it is intended landing aeroplanes first contact the runway. After landing at the other end, the landing aircraft may use the displaced portion of the runway for roll out. The displaced portion of the runway may be used for takeoff but not for landing. If there is more than one runway pointing in the same direction (parallel runways), each runway is identified by appending left (L), center (C) and right (R) to the end of the runway number to identify its position (when facing its direction)Ī displaced threshold or DTHR is a runway threshold located at a point other than the physical beginning or end of the runway. A runway numbered 09 points east (90°), runway 18 is south (180°), runway 27 points west (270°) and runway 36 points to the north (360° rather than 0°). Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the runway's heading in decadegrees.

The runway thresholds are markings across the runway that denote the beginning and end of the designated space for landing and takeoff under non-emergency conditions. There are a number of runway marking as follows There are few basic terms which are to be understood before understand Instrument Landing System (ILS), which are as follows: It even enables aircraft to carry out automatic landings.Īs the technology is progressing a more modern approach called as Microwave Landing System (MLS) is being introduced it provided more accurate landing information. ILS is a precision approach system because it gives guidance in both the horizontal and the vertical plane. The system uses a combination of VHF and UHF radio waves to provide pilots with an accurate means of carrying out an instrument approach to a runway, giving guidance both in the horizontal and the vertical planes. The instrument landing system (ILS) is the most accurate used for precision approaches and landings. This system was known as Instrument Landing System (ILS).

In order to increase the number of aircraft landing at an runways and for aircraft able to land under low visibility condition instrumentation provided in the cockpit provide steering information to the pilot which, if obeyed, will cause the aircraft to make an accurate and safe decent and touchdown.

without any indication from instruments about the aircraft's position relative to the desired approach path.Īlthough the VFR are still into existence a system called as precision approach radar (PAR) system was used, whereby the air traffic controller, having the aircraft 'on radar', can give guidance over the v.h.f.-r.t. One of the basic system used for landing of an aircraft are visual flight rules (VFR), i.e.

Airplane localizer